This image is pretty zoomed in from the original so it's not the best quality but this shot actually came out reasonably well. I know it's an insect...but that's it.
Saturday, October 20, 2012
Insect
This image is pretty zoomed in from the original so it's not the best quality but this shot actually came out reasonably well. I know it's an insect...but that's it.
Saturday, October 6, 2012
Hericium americanum
I found this specimen during my last trip to the White Mountains in NH. This species has several common names including the pom-pom mushroom, lion's mane mushroom, bear's head mushroom, monkey head mushroom and icicle mushroom. Perhaps many more. This is a great refresher on why we need binomial scientific names.
Apparently this species and the rest of its genus are edible and commonly eaten in Asia, especially China and Japan. As with any mushroom you need to be 100% certain you are collecting the correct species. With many species of fungus there are species that look similar or almost identical that are toxic. Recipes suggest this mushroom as a replacement for rice in soups but that it is best fresh. It seems it is very easily cultivated, however.
Generally grows on decomposing logs, as pictured above.
Sources:
Friday, September 21, 2012
Tarn
I'm still here! OK so I've been insanely busy for the last few months with work and planning my wedding but now that I'm all married hopefully I can get back to posting. I know...I say things...anyway, this time the post is about...GEOLOGY!
I'm not very good at geology so I invite you to berate me for inaccuracies in the comments. The image above I made during my last trip to the White Mountains in New Hampshire. This is a body of water called a tarn near Mt. Lafayette. A tarn is essentially a mountain lake. The basin of the lake is formed by a glacier and is always found on one side of a mountain slope. You can see said slope above the tarn in this image.
Often a terminal moraine provides a dam that keeps water in the basin. What's a terminal moraine you ask? Well that's one bit of geology I actually am fairly confident I understand. So when a glacier slides across the landscape (glaciers are so huge, by the way and I've never actually seen one in real life...I have to imagine an ice sheet of this size) it picks up a lot detritus including rocks and boulders. Here in New England if you've ever spied a huge boulder just sitting all by its lonesome in a field with no other boulders around you can be pretty sure a glacier dropped it there. So anyway, the glacier will pick up rocks and boulders and also drop them. A moraine is a collection of detritus, soil, rocks, boulders, etc., dropped by a glacier. A terminal moraine is a moraine formed at the furthest advancing edge of the glacier. Usually the largest accumulation of debris is at the "snout" of the glacier (the advancing face/edge) and as the glacier finally stops and begins to melt it leaves a (sometimes) massive pile of rocks and such.
So it's this kind of moraine that provides the dam for a tarn. Now you can impress your friends by telling them about tarns and moraines. Fun geology words!
OK I have a few other photos from the Whites I'm hoping to post. Get ready for FUNGUS!
Friday, June 22, 2012
Farmer Ants
So this is why I love ecology. Just looking at one organism at a time is often super interesting stuff...I mean have you seen a horseshoe crab??? But often the combinations of organisms that have evolved side by side over millions of years is just downright mind-boggling.
I already was a big fan of ants. I always find it really interesting to watch them and think about how much of their sensory world involves chemicals, many of which are produced by other members of their species. Ants leave chemical footprints and generally have a few different chemicals that can mean different things. Their antennae are incredibly acute chemical sensors, able to pick up very small amounts of molecule.
I also knew that ants sometimes farm aphids but after shooting this process the other day I found that these two facts are connected. I was unable to access the original article here from science daily but I managed to find a quotation of it here.
Scientists have just recently learned that ants that farm aphids, like the ones below, use a chemical produced by their legs to sedate the aphids they are farming. Ants will often bite the wings off aphids to keep them from flying away and now we know they're also drugging them. This seems cruel, from a human perspective, but keep in mind that the generally much larger and more capable ants are also defending the aphids from dangerous predators like ladybugs and other beetles. It's actually rather like our relationship with livestock. We mess with their genes and keep them corralled but we also protect them from wolves and mountain lions.
These ant colonies keep aphids because aphids produce a sweet liquid known as honeydew as waste when they feed on certain plants. And the ants...well they consume the aphid waste. Yum!
The methodology used to discover this is elegantly simple and ingenious. They had ants walk on a surface and then placed aphids on both a surface that had and had not been walked on by the ants and watched and recorded speeds and such. They found that surfaces that had been walked on by ants caused the aphids to slow down markedly. Especially interesting was when they used a dead leaf as a surface. Aphids should avoid dead leaves at all costs, it's going to make you more obvious to predators and there's no food there for you. But when they had dead leaves walked on by ants the aphids kind of moseyed off. Really cool science, I think.
Oh and here are the images. The little gray blobs are aphids...easier to see in the web album.
I already was a big fan of ants. I always find it really interesting to watch them and think about how much of their sensory world involves chemicals, many of which are produced by other members of their species. Ants leave chemical footprints and generally have a few different chemicals that can mean different things. Their antennae are incredibly acute chemical sensors, able to pick up very small amounts of molecule.
I also knew that ants sometimes farm aphids but after shooting this process the other day I found that these two facts are connected. I was unable to access the original article here from science daily but I managed to find a quotation of it here.
Scientists have just recently learned that ants that farm aphids, like the ones below, use a chemical produced by their legs to sedate the aphids they are farming. Ants will often bite the wings off aphids to keep them from flying away and now we know they're also drugging them. This seems cruel, from a human perspective, but keep in mind that the generally much larger and more capable ants are also defending the aphids from dangerous predators like ladybugs and other beetles. It's actually rather like our relationship with livestock. We mess with their genes and keep them corralled but we also protect them from wolves and mountain lions.
These ant colonies keep aphids because aphids produce a sweet liquid known as honeydew as waste when they feed on certain plants. And the ants...well they consume the aphid waste. Yum!
The methodology used to discover this is elegantly simple and ingenious. They had ants walk on a surface and then placed aphids on both a surface that had and had not been walked on by the ants and watched and recorded speeds and such. They found that surfaces that had been walked on by ants caused the aphids to slow down markedly. Especially interesting was when they used a dead leaf as a surface. Aphids should avoid dead leaves at all costs, it's going to make you more obvious to predators and there's no food there for you. But when they had dead leaves walked on by ants the aphids kind of moseyed off. Really cool science, I think.
Oh and here are the images. The little gray blobs are aphids...easier to see in the web album.
Saturday, June 16, 2012
Two Images of Beetles
Because I'm busy and kinda lazy but I took these decent shots today. I've got some other new images but I also need to research and write for them so...beetles. Enjoy.
Friday, June 1, 2012
Convergence and Confusion
I went to the Stone Zoo yesterday and had a great time checking out some interesting animals. They have a really nice collection, skipping a lot of the usual more showy African animals but including a few black bears, a lynx and a set of Tibetan steppe animals and South American animals. They generally seemed healthy and active which is always good to see. The highlight of the day, by far, was their bird show. Mostly the birds were raptors including a very nice looking bald eagle that I was able to get very close to at the end of the show. Which...y'know is really cool to see such a big bird that close.
But maybe the coolest bird was their red-legged seriema. This unusual bird hardly ever flies but rather runs or walks and has a very interesting hunting behavior. They will grab small animals, usually reptiles, by the tail and then smash them into the ground. You can find an image of this here. I wanted to learn a little more about this bird, and couldn't quite remember the name after getting home from the zoo so I consulted a large bird book I've got. I immediately assumed it was a crane relative due to its long legs and found it there with the other cranes. Apparently I have an eye for sorting birds into families.
Except really I don't. This is the really interesting thing about living in a time that we have access to molecular data in regards to phylogeny. For hundreds, really thousands, of years scientists and natural historians have been sorting animals based on how they look. It makes sense, of course, that animals that look very similar should be closely related. And much of the time this is correct. All insects with a set of wings and a set of hard, protective wing coverings are all coleoptera, everything with a soft, shell-secreting body is a mollusk. However we forget that birds are tiny subgroup of an already small subphylum and so when you get that specific weird things begin to happen.
Over the course of talking about several of the animals we saw I found myself examining a mammal and bird phylogeny really closely. I'll talk about the bird phylogeny but you can check out the mammal one here. So a few things to notice on the bird phylogeny here. (If you're not familiar with how to read cladograms, basically each fork represents a common ancestor and the lengths of the lines represent time so the longer the line, the longer that group has existed and the closer one group is to the fork of another, the more closely they are related). So first find the seriemas. They are actually not cranes at all. They are what we call a sister group (i.e. the group on the other side of a fork) with a group containing parrots, falcons and the group called passerines, which are all perching birds (basically all yard birds...mainly small birds with gripping, perching feet). Something else to point out here, falcons are not the same thing as hawks or owls, each of these three bird families are spread fairly far out on the tree. The falcons being placed with parrots and passerines is something very new, I found an article from Tetrapod Zoology written just last month describing the new molecular data and the reorganization of the clades.
The fact that falcons look just like small hawks and owls really resemble hawks, at least in terms of beak shape and talon shape, is what we call "convergence." When organisms fall into a similar niche in the ecology (i.e. they are getting their food and living their lives in similar ways) more often than not then evolve to look very similar. It makes sense. If you have two families of birds that are hunting other vertebrates they are both going to want to be fast and they are going to want to have very sharp beaks and talons. And that's exactly what you find. Even though hawks and falcons are NOT sister groups they look the same because they have both evolved to utilize other vertebrates as energy sources.
So I've rambled pretty long about phylogeny here (it's probably my most nerdy passion) but a few more really interesting things to point out on the bird tree. Herons, storks and cranes...all different things. More convergence. And the most surprising thing (to me)? Find loons, grebes, and ducks. All different things. A grebe's most close relative is a flamingo! Ducks are also found all the way across the phylogeny from most other shore birds, found in blue. They are actually most closely related to things like pheasants and quails.
One final note. I'm now a huge fan of the seriema. I think they're really cool, very dinosaur-like birds. One thing I found in my research: scientists now believe their closest relatives where the terror birds. Which, if you're not familiar with, you should be. You can start here.
OK, I'm finally done ranting about convergence. Enjoy learning about terror birds!
But maybe the coolest bird was their red-legged seriema. This unusual bird hardly ever flies but rather runs or walks and has a very interesting hunting behavior. They will grab small animals, usually reptiles, by the tail and then smash them into the ground. You can find an image of this here. I wanted to learn a little more about this bird, and couldn't quite remember the name after getting home from the zoo so I consulted a large bird book I've got. I immediately assumed it was a crane relative due to its long legs and found it there with the other cranes. Apparently I have an eye for sorting birds into families.
Except really I don't. This is the really interesting thing about living in a time that we have access to molecular data in regards to phylogeny. For hundreds, really thousands, of years scientists and natural historians have been sorting animals based on how they look. It makes sense, of course, that animals that look very similar should be closely related. And much of the time this is correct. All insects with a set of wings and a set of hard, protective wing coverings are all coleoptera, everything with a soft, shell-secreting body is a mollusk. However we forget that birds are tiny subgroup of an already small subphylum and so when you get that specific weird things begin to happen.
Over the course of talking about several of the animals we saw I found myself examining a mammal and bird phylogeny really closely. I'll talk about the bird phylogeny but you can check out the mammal one here. So a few things to notice on the bird phylogeny here. (If you're not familiar with how to read cladograms, basically each fork represents a common ancestor and the lengths of the lines represent time so the longer the line, the longer that group has existed and the closer one group is to the fork of another, the more closely they are related). So first find the seriemas. They are actually not cranes at all. They are what we call a sister group (i.e. the group on the other side of a fork) with a group containing parrots, falcons and the group called passerines, which are all perching birds (basically all yard birds...mainly small birds with gripping, perching feet). Something else to point out here, falcons are not the same thing as hawks or owls, each of these three bird families are spread fairly far out on the tree. The falcons being placed with parrots and passerines is something very new, I found an article from Tetrapod Zoology written just last month describing the new molecular data and the reorganization of the clades.
The fact that falcons look just like small hawks and owls really resemble hawks, at least in terms of beak shape and talon shape, is what we call "convergence." When organisms fall into a similar niche in the ecology (i.e. they are getting their food and living their lives in similar ways) more often than not then evolve to look very similar. It makes sense. If you have two families of birds that are hunting other vertebrates they are both going to want to be fast and they are going to want to have very sharp beaks and talons. And that's exactly what you find. Even though hawks and falcons are NOT sister groups they look the same because they have both evolved to utilize other vertebrates as energy sources.
So I've rambled pretty long about phylogeny here (it's probably my most nerdy passion) but a few more really interesting things to point out on the bird tree. Herons, storks and cranes...all different things. More convergence. And the most surprising thing (to me)? Find loons, grebes, and ducks. All different things. A grebe's most close relative is a flamingo! Ducks are also found all the way across the phylogeny from most other shore birds, found in blue. They are actually most closely related to things like pheasants and quails.
One final note. I'm now a huge fan of the seriema. I think they're really cool, very dinosaur-like birds. One thing I found in my research: scientists now believe their closest relatives where the terror birds. Which, if you're not familiar with, you should be. You can start here.
OK, I'm finally done ranting about convergence. Enjoy learning about terror birds!
Saturday, May 12, 2012
Branta bernicla
Most of us are familiar with the ubiquitous Canada goose but this is another species we find in New England for at least part of the year. The Brant's (or Brent) goose is, like most New England avian reptiles, migratory between the Arctic where it summers and breeds and the North American coast. During its stay here it inhabits inter-tidal regions of either sandy shore or marsh flats. This bird is not entirely marine, however, and spends its summers in the tundra or on grassy islands where its diet consists primarily of lichen and terrestrial plants.
The Brant's goose is primarily herbivorous but will take some animal food as well especially eggs but also worms, snails and amphipods. (What are amphipods? The next time you're at the beach find the wrack-line, the line of seaweeds and marine detritus left at the high-tide line, and turn some of it over. You'll likely see little pale crustaceans start crawling and flipping themselves around. Those are amphipods.) Because breeding takes place near freshwater the young Brant's also will feed on insects and aquatic inverts.
There are several subspecies with varying color patterns across the range of the Brant's goose. As a species it is considered an IUCN species of least concern.
As usual, I reference eol.org.
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